Opposing Empires

New France-

• 1520's-Fishing on the coast 
• 1580's-Fur trade
• 1606-1663 commercial companies/private entrepreneurs sent colonists to establish cities/ourposts. They had the same problems that the British companies had. Operations were not profitable. by 1663 there were only 3000 people in the French outposts only 1250 French born. There wasn't substantial development. 
• 1663 the King took over because there wasn't any development in French Canada and made the colonies part of the empire but the back water 
• Population in 1700---20,000
• Intermarriage with Indians at the bottom of the ladder
• Lower levels of the social structure had no upward mobility 
• Ineffective commercial development-couldn't compete with New England who came as commercial from the beginning 
• Based as a feudal social order 
• no buy in from the lower rungs
• in NE hierarchy was mobile by economic performance
• major port cities of the British empire 
• cities were important trading networks in the empire 
• based on entrepreneurial not military 
• it was a commercial empire based on trade
• British Empire 

1. Overwhelmingly commercial
2. private shipping
3. colonies were a mixture of commerce and crown control 
4. all were self sustaining economically 
5. mercantile regulations barely enforced
6. literate population-possibly the most literate society in the world 
7. population grew rapidly-faster than anywhere in the world 
8. population was mainly on the seaboard 
9. religious toleration was universal by 1700
10. economies were expanding 
11. there was little intermarriage with the Indians. This put the Indians at odds with the colonies and by 1700 they could not resist they lacked the numbers, and technology. On the coast they were outnumbered. 
12. expansionist mentality 18th century. People wanted to build for the future. Population was moving west and there was nothing the french could do to stop them. 
13. no rigid social hierarchy outside of South Carolina. Most people were content with small farms. Content to be living in a small community with freedom. 
14. Getting rid was legitimate, being a merchant acceptable 
15. extensive 3 way trade-NE to Africa for slaves to the Caribbean and back to England. It just kept growing 

Population, New France

Population, 1700:

New France reached its greatest territorial extent at the start of the 18th century. About 250 people lived in a dozen settlements in Newfoundland, and there were about 1,500 in Acadia. Several hundred lived around the mouth of the Mississippi and around the Great Lakes. People from the St Lawrence Valley lived on the shoreline of Labrador as fishermen. The Saguenay River Basin (the King's Domain) had a few trading posts. Canada had about 20,000 inhabitants, most of them farmers scattered along a ribbon of settlement between the two urban centres of Québec and Montréal. In the West, a series of trading posts and forts dotted the communication lines.

Population, 1740:

A 1740 survey of the population of the St. Lawrence River valley counted about 44,000 colonists, the majority born in Canada. Of those, 18,000 lived under the Government of Quebec, 4,000 under the Government of Trois-Rivières and 22,000 under the Government of Montreal. The population was mostly rural; Quebec had 4,600 inhabitants; Trois-Rivières had 378; and Montreal had 4,200 inhabitants. Also, Île Royale had 4,000 inhabitants (of which 1,500 were in Louisbourg), and Île Saint-Jean had 500 inhabitants. Acadia had 8,000 inhabitants.

Population late 1750s: 65,000.

Population, English North America

Population, 1700:

The Anglo population in the English colonies in America reaches 275,000, with Boston (pop. 7000) as the largest city, followed by New York (pop. 5000). 

Population, 1740: 905,600

Population, 1760: 1.6 million.

Britain's Monarchs in the 18th century

1689-1702: William III and Mary II (James II's oldest Protestant daughter: died, 1694) Parliament was careful to lay down conditions for the new sovereigns. William and Mary accepted its Declaration of Rights, and Parliament speedily enacted it into law as the famous Bill of Rights.

The act made the king responsible to Parliament and subject to the law and provided that henceforth no Roman Catholic could wear England's crown. Parliament, and not inheritance or divine right, would determine the succession to the throne.

This was the fruit of the so-called Glorious Revolution, a revolution without bloodshed. John Locke published a defense of the Revolution in which he proclaimed the supremacy of the legislative assembly as the voice of the people.

He fought against Louis XIV of France in the Nine-Years' War (1688-97). It was called King William's War in the colonies. The Nine Years' War was fought primarily on mainland Europe, but it also encompassed a theater in Ireland and in Scotland, where William III and James II struggled for control of Britain and Ireland, and a campaign in colonial North America between French and English settlers and their respective Indian allies.

Massachusetts invades Quebec. Defeated.

1702-14: Queen Anne (James II's second Protestant daughter)

During Anne's reign was The Act of Union (1707), which united England with Scotland into a single kingdom, called Great Britain, and joined their Parliaments. Thereafter the government and the Parliament in London was called British rather than English. Since 1603, the two nations had been loosely associated under the same king.

There was a second war with France. Wikikpedia reports:

Queen Anne's War (1702-1713), as the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession was known in the British colonies, was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England, later Great Britain, in North America for control of the continent. The War of the Spanish Succession was primarily fought in Europe. In addition to the two main combatants, the war also involved numerous Native American tribes allied with each nation, and Spain, which was allied with France.

Massachusetts invades Quebec, 1711. Defeat: naval loss of 850 sailors.

House of Hanover

The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, which excluded "Papists" (that is, Roman Catholics) from the succession. After the death of Queen Anne with no living children, George I, the son of Sophia of Hanover ("Germany"), granddaughter of James VI of Scotland and I of England through his daughter Elizabeth of Bohemia, was the closest heir to the throne who was not a Roman Catholic. 

1714-27: George I

George did not speak English, and he was involved in his beloved Hanover that he took little interest in British affairs. He soon began to stay away from meetings of his inner council, or cabinet. 

1727-60: George II

George II, who ruled 1727-60, also stayed away from meetings of his ministers. 

There was a third war with France. Wikipedia reports:

King George's War (1744-1748) is the name given to the military operations in North America that formed part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Nova Scotia. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748, but it failed to resolve any outstanding territorial issues.

Massachusetts captures Louisburg in 1745. The peace treaty forces the British to give it back.

There was a fourth war with France, the French and Indian War, called the Seven Years' War in Europe. It began in 1754 and ended in 1763. It was a true world war, stretching to India and the Philippines.

1760-1820: George III

Before the Seven Years' War ended, George III began his 60-year reign, 1760-1820.